Working Paper Series

IMPACT OF DIGITAL MARKETING AND SEO ON A BUSINESS WEBSITE

Muhammad Iqbal Jafri, Evrim Ildem Develi — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Researchers have been investigating electronic advertisements to measure their impact on consumers and their overall significance. This study identifies and investigates the significance of electronic advertising in a variety of dimensions. It also analyses several elements of electronic advertising in the large literature and investigates the impact on customer buying. Consumer buying intention has been a key component in this field of study. This study also investigates a critical variable, namely advertisement appeal, and its dimensions. The study shows how advertisement appeal has a moderating effect on the impact of electronic advertising on consumer buying behavior. The study was done with individuals from Pakistan in mind, with a focus on the websites. Our findings highlight the fact that, while advertisement attractiveness has a favorable relationship with electronic advertising, it does not always result in increased sales for the business.

DAĞLIK KARABAĞ SORUNU: 1994-2020

Ertuğ İğdeli, Uğur Yasin Asal — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Bu çalışma Dağlık Karabağ sorununun temellerini ve Azerbaycan’ın 2. Karabağ zaferine giden süreci incelemektedir. Makalenin ilk kısmında Dağlık Karabağ sorununun tarihsel süreci üzerinde durulmuştur. Çarlık Rusya döneminden günümüze kadar sürecin nasıl bir yol izlediğine, taraflar arasındaki iç ve dış politikadaki sorunlara değinilmiştir. İkinci kısımda Dağlık Karabağ sorununa realist bir yaklaşımla meselenin çok aktörlü yapısı incelenmiştir. Hâkimiyet teorisi ile sorunun jeopolitik önemine vurgu yapılmıştır. Son olarak da 2020 yılında 2. Karabağ Savaşı ile sürecin nasıl ilerlediği, tarafların tutumu ile bölgesel ve küresel aktörlerin nasıl bir rol aldığı bu çalışmada yer almıştır.

DETERMINANTS OF BANKS’ PROFITABILITY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND SOUTH AFRICA

Fatoumatta Faal, Sıtkı Sönmezer — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Based on a comparative analysis, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of non-performing loans, bank size, capital adequacy ratio, and GDP on the profitability of banks in emerging economies i.e. South Africa and Malaysia. As inputs for data analysis, the study utilizes secondary data from the Thomson Reuters database, the world bank database, and the selected bank’s financial statements. Besides, by employing a multiple regression analysis on the data available between the periods of 2008-2020, bank size and non-performing loans were found to exert positive and significant effects on South African Bank's ROA metrics. As with Malaysia, an inverse relationship was found between banks’ ROA and their non-performing loans. The study draws practical and managerial implications relevant to the operational efficiency of banks in both countries.

YENİ EKONOMİ DÜZENİNiN TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Mehmet Avcu, Feyzullah Yetgin — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Bu araştırmanın amacı yeni ekonomi düzeninin Türkiye üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Araştırma bu bağlamda yeni ekonominin dinamiklerini ve Türkiye’nin yeni ekonominin dinamikleri bağlamındaki entegrasyonunu irdelemektedir. Yapılan incelemelerde yeni ekonominin temel dinamiğinin internet ve bilişim teknolojilerinin olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ancak yeni ekonominin bir diğer önemli değişkenini ise üretim ilişkileri oluşturmaktadır. Nitekim yeni ekonominin üretimlerinin de bilişim alanında olduğu ve önemli katma değerler sunduğu belirlenmiştir. Yeni ekonomiye entegrasyon Türkiye bağlamında değerlendirildiğinde ise internet faaliyetleri ve bankacılık alanlarında yeni ekonomiye entegre olunduğu görülmüştür. Ancak yeni ekonomiye bağlı üretimler noktasında büyük eksiler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu eksikliklerin başında ise yüksek teknolojili ürün üretmenin geldiği görülmüştür. Yüksek teknolojili ürünlerin üretilmesi içinde hem yeni ekonominin dinamiklerinin gelişmesi hem de AR-GE faaliyetlerinin gelişmesi gerekmektedir.

EFFECT OF BILATERAL TRADE AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON SOMALIA’S ECONOMIC GROWTH: ROLES OF TURKEY

Sumaya Abdullahi Hersi, Aşkım Nurdan Tekeoğlu — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The World Investment Report (2010) states that FDI stocks increased more quickly than exports and imports between 1990 and 2009, surpassing even the rise of intermediate goods exports/imports. Since the 1990s, there has been a sharp growth in regional trade agreements (RTAs)2, many of which have investment-related clauses, which has coincided with this sharp surge in FDI flows. Therefore, the primary goal of this research was to determine how foreign direct investment and bilateral trade affected Somalia's economic development. Turkish roles The data on bilateral trade, interest rates, government spending, exchange rates, gross domestic product, and terms of trade are taken from the Bank of Somalia, however, the parameters for foreign direct investment are obtained from the Somalian ministry of planning and economic development This study used time series analysis with semiannual information by the first half of 2007 and through regular season of 2020. The study also investigated causality, cointegration, and other time series tests. A VECM short run effect model and a VAR long run effect model were also used in the investigation. According to the Granger causality test, bilateral trade has a positive impact on GDP even though foreign direct investment does not. However, bilateral trade and foreign direct investment both work together to boost the nation's economic growth. Despite the fact that the study's results indicated there is no correlation between GDP and foreign direct investment. The cointegration between bilateral trade and foreign direct investment yielded different results. Data from the VECM suggested that there is a short-term relationship between the two variables. In particular, results showed that when FDI in Somalia is excessively high, it quickly converts to a low GDP rate. Additionally, it returns to an increase in FDI in the economy when the average GDP is in excess. Foreign direct investment, bilateral trade, and terms of trade may be disregarded when predicting future GDP rates, despite the fact that prior government spending, the currency rate, and interest rates are all very sensitive to changes in future GDP. To promote economic growth in the future, it is necessary to manage governmental spending, interest rates, exchange rates, and trade terms.
Keywords: interest rate, foreign direct investment, economic growth, bilateral trade.

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF FEDERALISM IN IN TERMS OF THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT: THE CASE OF SOMALIA

Asma Aden Abdirahman, Kamala Valiyeva — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The paper outlines the opportunities and challenges of federalism in community development in Somalia. In 2004 Somali elders and politicians considered adopting federalism and in 2012 Somalia adopted federalism and established four states: Jubaland, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, and the Southwest States, in addition to the previously established states Puntland and Somaliland. This paper focuses on how federalism affects community development in Somalia and identifies opportunities and challenges of federalism for community development. With federalism, the opportunities that it provided to the community were security, economic improvement, a better education system, a healthcare system, distribution of power, political stability, and women’s and youth’s empowerment. The challenges it posed were border conflicts, power disputes, the exploitation of natural resources, and minority injustice. The method used for this research is a survey data analysis.

İHRACATA YÖNELİK DEVLET YARDIMLARININ İHRACAT PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİNİN NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ İLE İNCELENMESİ: BİR TURQUALITY ÖRNEĞİ

Selahattin Armağan Vurdu — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Economic, political and technical approaches followed by countries in the international competitve environment directly affect the success of exporters. In this respect, export incentives are a foreign trade policy tool that has a critical role in achieving success in international markets. 'Turquality', which emerged with the needs of the period in the 2000s and differentiated from traditional support packages, is a state incentive that aims to increase value-added exports by focusing on branding. This support given by the Ministry of Commerce is in a special position as it is the first and only state-supported branding program worldwide. In this study, the performance of a Turkish company within the scope of the Turquality support program during the period of benefiting from the support is examined in international markets and the efficiency of the Turquality program is sought through this examination. In the study, two series were used, namely the government support received by the firm and the export value of the firm. Phillips-Perron test was applied to question the stationarity of the series. The Granger Causality Test resulted in two-way causality between these two data series.

COVID-19 EFFECTS ON INDIAN COMPANIES

Sohail Ahmad, Recep Ali Küçükçolak — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

At the beginning of 2020, the novel covid-19 starts hitting the economies of various countries and terrifying the lives of humans. On 30^th January 2020, the first case of the coronavirus appeared in India. Covid-19 has impaired the economy of India and the financial performance of companies belonging to different sectors has been affected badly.

The main objective of the research is to assess the effect of a pandemic on the fiscal accomplishment of companies registered on the Indian Stock Market. It was a matter of deep consideration for the Indian government as the covid-19 spread was becoming uncontrollable. No choice was left for the government but to enforce a nationwide lockdown. The selected companies for this research are HDFC Bank, Bajaj Finance Ltd, Hindustan Unilever Ltd, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services, Maruti Suzuki Ltd and Tata Motors. These companies belong to different sectors including financial, banking, IT, automobile and consumer goods sectors. The overall impact on MSMEs (Micro, small and medium enterprises) and on the economy is also examined in this study. A qualitative research approach is utilised for this study and a secondary data collection method was used.

The findings of this study revealed that a significant decline in net profit, total income, sales, expenses and operating profit was recorded in Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Bajaj Finance Ltd during the covid-19 period while Infosys, TCS and Hindustan Unilever Ltd faced more decline during lockdown period and these companies start coming towards recovery after lockdown period. The most affected sectors include the automobile and financial and banking sectors while the less affected sectors include micro, small and medium enterprises, IT and consumer goods sector. The overall economy also faced a decline and stock exchanges faced drop in their closing indexes during lockdown period.

THE EFFECT OF CULTURE AND ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION ON THE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF STUDENTS IN TURKEY

Jihad Addakhla, Aylin Gözen — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The intentions of university students to start their own businesses may benefit from entrepreneurial education, however, universities do not give a high priority to funding this field. The second aspect that influences university students' entrepreneurial intentions is culture, as it represents a part of their personalities. The purpose of this study is to look at how entrepreneurial education in Turkey affects university students' intentions. 213 university students in Turkey who attend any entrepreneurship courses were chosen at random and given a questionnaire. According to the analysis of the study's findings, entrepreneurial intentions to launch a firm were significantly influenced by both culture and entrepreneurial education.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial Intentions, Entrepreneurial Education, Culture.

THE IMPACT OF SENSORY MARKETING ON CONSUMER PURCHASING PATTERNS IN FOOD OUTLETS IN MOROCCO

Soukaina Zahri, Figen Yıldırım — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to examine the effect of sensory marketing on customer buying decisions, customer patronage, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in the context of Food Outlets in Morocco. 588 regular customers of 2 famous food outlets in Morocco ( KFC and Mcdonalds) were used as respondent, and a well-structured questionnaire was used to get the answers from the respondents. The five study-proposed hypotheses were tested for significance using multiple regression.

The results show that sensory marketing influences the consumer purchasing patterns significantly, and has a positive effect on customer patronage, consumer positive decision making, consumer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Based on these results, it is recommended that marketing efforts and campaigns by food outlets should focus on appealing to all of their customers’ senses to maximize the brand image, profits and customer loyalty.

SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR PAZARLAMA KAPSAMINDA YÜRÜTÜLEN FAALİYETLER: UNİTED COLORS OF BENETTON- KÜRESEL BİR MARKA ÖRNEĞİ

V.Dilara Özeren, Evrim İldem Develi — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Bu çalışma United Colors of Benetton şirketinin, küresel pazarlama açısından sürdürülebilirlik faaliyetlerini incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Birinci bölüm literatür kapsamında, sürdürülebilirlik, sürdürülebilir pazarlama ve küresel pazarlama tanımlarını barındırır. İkinci bölüm yedi adet görüşme sorusunun yanıtlarına istinaden bulguları içermektedir. Üçüncü bölüm ise sonuç kısmını barındırır. Araştırmada nitel bir yöntem olan derinlemesine görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. İlgili görüşme Benetton Grup Türkiye ve Orta Doğu Müdürü İdris Onay ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çıktıları olarak sürdürülebilirliğin işletme içerisinde yalnızca bir alanda var olması değil, bütün departmanlarda (satış, dağıtım, tedarik, lojistik, mağazacılık vb. alanlarda da) faaliyet göstermesi gerektiği anlaşılmıştır. Sürdürülebilirliğin pazarlama açısından anlaşılabilmesi için sürdürülebilir girdilerle oluşan çıktılar elde etmenin kilit bir rol oynadığı anlaşılmıştır. Sürdürülebilirliğin işletmenin bütün departmanlarda yer alması, müşteri sadakatini ve lider marka oluşumunu desteklemektedir.

COVID-19 IMPACTS ON RETAIL SECTOR: AN EVENT STUDY APPROACH ON TURKISH RETAILERS

Sarvenaz Erfani Hooshiaran, Recep Ali Küçükçolak — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Retail sector, as well as other sectors of the economy, has been affected by Covid-19 pandemic severely globally, and as this study aims to examine, in Turkey. An indicator that shows if a sector was impacted by a phenomenon is the rate of return on the stock value of the businesses in that sector, therefore, Event study is applied on the data driven from Istanbul Stock Market (BIST) on active retailers during the pandemic days in order to find out how the outbreak affected them. In the end, some suggestions to the managers and retailers on how to utilize new trends in their businesses are discussed.

ULUSLARARASI TİCARETTE KRİPTO PARALARA DEVLETLERİN BAKIŞ AÇISI: AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÖRNEĞİ

Aslı Tuğba Ekiz, Güldenur Adıgüzel — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The main purpose of the study is to deal with the issue of crypto assets due to the increasing transaction volumes; the concept of crypto assets, the purpose of its birth, the necessity of regulation, the future expectations of crypto assets, and the views of Turkey and some countries, especially European Union countries, about crypto assets are given. The study consists of three parts. In the first chapter, in order to be a theoretical structure, the history, functions and classification of money are emphasized by giving place to the changes that money has undergone from the past to the present. In the second part of the study; the concept of crypto money, its historical development, general features and the blockchain technology underlying cryptocurrencies are included, and the perspectives of Turkey and some other countries on crypto assets are examined. In the third part, which is the last part of the study, the approach of the European Union towards cryptocurrencies is emphasized, and the development process of cryptocurrencies in the EU and the perspectives of some EU member states towards crypto assets are explained. In the conclusion part of the study, according to the research I have obtained, an evaluation has been made about crypto assets and suggestions have been made.

TERRORISM IN WEST AFRICA

Grah Marc Ange-Samuel Kevin, Başak Özoral — Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The overall aim of the research is to examine the history of Terrorism in West Africa, its causes and current manifestations , and the West African response to Terrorism. A proper analysis has been done on terrorism in West African countries including Nigeria and Mali, the two most impacted nations in the sub region. The ECOWAS ( Economic Community of West African State ) counterterrorism policy has also been covered in this research along with the issues and difficulties that Nigeria is facing in the current political environment throughout the world as well as the variables that influence its capacity to react Furthermore, the İvorian’s response has been investigated to the emergence and threat of Terrorism in West Africa.

Keywords: ECOWAS, Terrorism , response , Counterrorism , West African